Buss's Strategic Conflict Model Between Two Sexes Essay

Buss's Strategic Conflict Model Between Two Sexes - Essay Example These studies, according to Buss, provide modest support for the strategic conflict model and implicate the negative emotions of anger and upset as proximate mechanisms that alert men and women to strategic interference. Moreover, the diversity of upset elicitors discovered here (being condescending, possessive, neglecting, abusive, inconsiderate, moody, and self-centered), point to the limitations of this evolutionary model and the need to develop more comprehensive models of conflict between the sexes. At a closer look, the following observations and comments have been drawn: First, the highly selective samples of American college students and their generalizability may be limited. There is an uneven distribution of subjects, with 51 men and 56 women. Second, the reliance on self-report measures, although that has been the methodology of choice in most research examining sexual desires may not yield and objective result. Self-rating method can be bias in the sense that the subjects feelings and prejudice may interfere with the results. Moreover, the subjects have so many differences. They come from different backgrounds and have differing knowledge and perceptions of the same and opposite sexes of participants. They also differ in dating history and marital status. The ones with longer dating history may have different perceptions and experiences with those of short-term dating. The married ones, divorced, widowed and singles have definitely different experiences and maturity. In addition, this is a problematic development of upset instrument because the instrument is based on responses from undergraduates only. There is a disparity in the level of maturity compared to the lower and higher levels of actual, real-life individuals and experiences, as well as psychological make-up. Furthermore, the participants of this research are either single and in a relationship. This could lead to the responses based on the participant's imaginative capabilities. This could further cause more differences. Another bias is the partial explanation for males only, such as: Men's upset and anger about women's withholding of sex. Women are not necessarily upset and angered by the hypothesized feature of male reproductive strategy involving sexual aggressiveness. According to attachment fertility theory (Miller and Fishkin, 1997) that might argue that unattached participants were in the phase of "promiscuously" seeking potential mates in an attempt to enhance the likelihood of a good mate choice. The unattached female here can take male's aggression and may be happy with it because of the initial motivation of seeking a potential mate. Female, in this case are unfairly described. In addition, differences of features of the opposite sex's reproductive strategy or different reproductive strategy may not interfere with one's adopted reproductive strategy and thus cause conflict. Moreover, the research claims that negative emotions provide signal and reduce

Launch behaviourism Essay Example for Free

Launch behaviourism Essay Ivan P.Pavlov was the first initiator of behaviourism as he formed the basis and groundwork of behaviourism. Pavlov was a Russian scientist who was particularly interested in conditioned reflexes which led him to his infamous experiment of dogs and their salivary glands. In Pavlovs experiment he found that a dogs behaviour can be conditioned. Firstly when the dog was given food it would salivate, then the next time the dog received food a bell would be rung. This continued until the dog would salivate by the mere sound of a bell. This experiment provided the basis for Pavlovs idea that behaviour and responses could be conditioned (Tennant, 1997) John B. Watson drew from Pavlovs ideas and was the man to launch behaviourism. Watson was a psychologist from the United States. His infamous experiment was on a human baby code named Albert B. When Albert was exposed to a rat he showed no sign of fear but then a loud banging when there was a presence of a rat, which made Albert cry. Therefore every time Albert saw a rat he would associate it with his past experience and immediately cry whether there was a banging or not (Tennant, 1997) B.F Skinner was a major contributor to the school of behaviourism and believed that behaviour is maintained and produced by its consequences. Skinner believed that rewards and positive reinforcers have a greater affect on behaviour. He demonstrated this through his famed Skinner Box where animals were placed inside a box and were given an option of levers which they could press, one gave them food, the other an electric shock or similar. The animals soon learned which lever not to press and this demonstrated Skinners theory of learned behaviour (Van Iersal and others, 2005) Behaviourism is not the stimulation in psychological science as it once was. Psychologists and much of the public prefer more cognitive explanations of human behaviour. Thus the application of behaviour analysis is still active and successful in fields such as child development, education and drug abuse but is not reliable, as technology and scientific advances have proved otherwise to the denial of internal processes. Behaviourism is very much about nurture when it comes to the nature vs. nurture debate as it focuses on external stimuli affecting behaviour. Where behaviourism applied behaviour can be controlled, as action and external operations are controllable. Behaviourism can only explain a small part of human behaviour but it can no fully describe it. (Kazdin, 2000). To explain human behaviour an updated perspective is needed and not one convention is 100% right. The best approach is to take a little from each (McIerney 1998). Behaviourism was extremely influential in the early 20th century as it was the most up to date information available. Since scientific advances in brain chemistry and thought processes behaviourism has become outdated. Pavlov, Watson and Skinner had major impacts on not only behaviourism but also to psychology. Their techniques can still be applied today. Although behaviourism can explain a bit about behaviour it is far too narrow as it does not encompass or consider mental working of a human and brain functions which is a very important role in behaviour. Even though it is outdated behaviourism is still an interesting convention of psychology and can still be useful in explaining behaviour and treating behaviour problems. Bibliography: The Behavioural Approach : Class Handout  Behaviourism, Microsoft(r) Encarta(r) Online Encyclopaedia 2005

Expansion Of Nato Essay -- essays research papers

NATO starts the year 2000 with the issue of concern. The European Allies' defense capability, stabilization efforts in the Balkans, and relations with Russia are at the top of a highly charged agenda. In 1999 NATO accomplished many tasks, which were reviewed in the December 15th Washington Summit. They approved an updated Strategic Concept at the Washington Summit; admitted as new members the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland; contributed decisively, in particular through the conduct of their air campaign and the subsequent deployment of KFOR (NATO-led international peace force), to the international community's objective of creating the basis for long-term peace and stability in Kosovo. What is NATO? NATO is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in Washington on April 4th, 1949, creating an alliance of 12 independent nations committed to each other's defense. Four more European nations later acceded to the Treaty between 1952 and 1982. The now 19 members of NATO include Belgium, Canada, *Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, *Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, *Poland, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States. (*Members since March 12, 1999) These countries commit themselves to maintaining and developing their defense capabilities, individually, and collectively, providing the basis for collective defense planning. The Treaty also provides the framework for consultation betw...

A Concept Analysis of Burnout within the Nursing Profession

The duty of taking care of other people and being responsible for their lives is a heavy burden for anyone to carry; and it can take its toll even among the best of us. In the nursing profession, burnout is a constant threat and is widely implicated for the alarming shortage of nurses that we are experiencing today.According to the Nursing Shortage Fact Sheet (2007) compiled by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), Job burnout and dissatisfaction are driving nurses to leave the profession. Consider these figures compiled by AACN:   more than 40% of nurses working in hospitals reported being dissatisfied with their jobs.   The study indicates that 1 out of every 3 hospital nurses under the age of 30 are planning to leave their current job in the next year.Indeed there is no denying the importance of nurses in the health care system as more and more people are availing of health services and are reaping the benefits of the advances in medical technology. As such, burnout deserves careful study in the hopes that it can be prevented or managed.Literature ReviewAccording to the concept analysis method developed by Walker and Avant (1995), the definition of a concept requires taking into consideration as many contexts as possible.Only then will it be possible to have an intimate understanding of the concept and thoroughly define all its attributes. As such, a comprehensive literature review was conducted using all possible sources of information such as books, journals, and the Internet using related terms such as burnout, stress, career exhaustion, coping mechanism, job support, and lateral violence. In all the reviews made, the term burnout is consistently associated with loss of interest and motivation for work.The burnout is often accompanied by a sense of disillusionment and questioning one’s sense of purpose and direction. On a more general sense, the term refers to the loss of interest for any endeavor and a sense of hopelessness f or life.As a springboard for this concept analysis, an internet search was done on the term burnout. Dictionary.com defines burnout as a state of being overworked due to intense activity or prolonged stress.This leads to fatigue, frustration or lack of interest. Wikipedia, a popular online source of information defines burnout as â€Å"a psychological term for the experience of long-term exhaustion and diminished interest usually in the work context. It is also used as an English slang term to mean exhaustion†.It goes on to say that some workers are more predisposed to burnout, depending on their personality traits (â€Å"Wikipedia article about burnout† 2007).Another website, Helpguide.org, a trusted non-profit online resource for various health issues, describes burnout as a condition that â€Å"reduces your productivity and saps your energy, leaving you feeling increasingly hopeless, powerless, cynical, and resentful. The unhappiness burnout causes can eventually t hreaten your job, your relationships, and your health†.The site also made an attempt to make a simple and understandable distinction between stress and burnout. According to the site, stress involves an overwhelming amount of responsibilities that demand too much of you physically and psychologically. However, stress can be controlled with proper time management and often goes away once the task has been accomplished.Burnout, on the other hand means feeling empty and devoid of motivation. People experiencing burnout often don’t see any hope of positive change in their situations unless they leave and lead a different life. (â€Å"Helpguide.org article on burnout† 2007) Prolonged exposure to stressors in the workplace can eventually lead to burnout.Maslach (2003) attributes this â€Å"loss of idealism and passion for one’s job† as something that â€Å"results from an incongruence or misfit between the worker and the job.† Maslach further elabo rates by stating that the problematic relationship between the person and the work environment is a consistent theme in all studies made about burnout.This misfit refers to the mismatch between the demands of the job and the capacity of the person to rise up to these demands on a consistent and continuous basis, or if the rewards of the job is not commensurate to the demands being asked of the individual. Balevre made a study that relates maladaptive behavior to the burnout phenomenon.The paper showed that maladaptive thoughts can be changed with proper help, and this changes the nurses’ negative reactions to a given stimulus, thereby decreasing the resulting burnout phenomenon (2001).

Racism in Haiti

Racism In Haiti Racism is present throughout the whole world in fact,Racism has existed throughout human history. It may be defined as the hatred of one person by another — or the belief that another person is less than human — because of skin color, language, customs, place of birth or any factor that supposedly reveals the basic nature of that person. but in Haiti and the Dominican republic it is a very different variation of the word,. n fact if racism is as the dictionary defines it then surely a new word must be invented to describe and explain the events that take place against the Haitian people,where hatred and racism are defined so intensively and so brutally that one does not believe a human being a member of one`s own gender that another human being is capable of such hatred, of such vicious behavior towards another person,.Because of extreme poverty,. nresourcefull land,,and dangerous living conditions the people of Haiti cross the border into the Dominican republic,but they are received by the intense racism of the Dominican people where their own religion wich in many cases includes Haitian people and share Haitian belief discriminate and exhibit very hateful behavior towards the simple Haitian people who flee from their own country with the innocent purpose of finding a better life for themselves but are received by the cold cruel hate of the Dominican residents.Conclusion; Throughout this whole presentation we hope you have all been made aware of the cruel treatment that Haitian people receive,At the beginning of my groups topic we honestly did not know what to expect but I never thought of such blunt scenes of what is very clearly racism and what may even be genocide,we hope that all of this will encourage you to lend a hand to a person you may know is being discriminated against because racism is everywhere,and it can affect us all in many ways.